The Basics

Mortgage Dictionary: From A to Z

Published: December 14, 2023

Mortgage Dictionary: From A to Z

Buying a home is a huge commitment. The last thing you want during the process is to feel confused or out of the loop when you’re talking with your Realtor, Loan Originator, or any of the other key players in your homebuying journey.

Below is a glossary of some of the most common mortgage-related terms that any prospective homebuyer should know to help you become a more confident and educated borrower. If you don’t see the term you’re looking for, feel free to reach out and I’ll be more than happy to help!

30-Year Fixed Mortgage - A fixed-rate mortgage with the standard loan term of 30 years

15-Year Fixed Mortgage - A fixed-rate mortgage with half the standard 30-year loan term

3/1 ARM - An adjustable-rate mortgage that is fixed for the first three years before becoming adjustable on an annual basis.

5/1 ARM - An adjustable-rate mortgage that is fixed for the first five years before becoming adjustable on an annual basis.

Adjustable-Rate Mortgage (ARM) - A mortgage with an interest that can be changed over time depending on external factors. Most ARMS start with a period of fixed interest that lasts anywhere from 6 months to 3 years.

Amortization - A breakdown of payments showing how a loan is intended to be repaid.

Annual Percentage Rate - The rate of interest to be paid back to the mortgage lender. It can either be fixed or adjustable.

Assumption - When a person assumes responsibility for paying off a mortgage.

Appraisal - The estimation of the value of the property. Conducted by an appraiser, this process is based both on physical inspection and the sales of comparable properties in recent months.

Balloon Mortgage - A short-term mortgage that includes smaller monthly installments followed by a large lump sum payment at the loan term’s end.

Bi-Weekly Mortgage - A bi-weekly mortgage payment model that reduces interest and speeds up a payment timeline. Instead of one monthly payment or twelve payments in a calendar year, a borrower pays half of that every two weeks, adding up to thirteen total payments in a year.

Bridge Loan - A short term loan that is taken out on one property but used to purchase a different property.

Buy-Down - When you get an interest rate that is lower than the standard by paying a lender premium.

Caps - Payment caps that put limitations on own often an interest rate can be changed on an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM).

Cash-In Refinance - A refinance in which the borrower pays additional money during the transaction that goes towards their loan and ultimately lowers their owed amount.

Cash-Out Refinance - A refinance that allows you to tap into some of the equity (your stake) in your home if you need some extra cash. You may consider a cash-out refi if you need any home renovations, pay for a large expense, or consolidate debt.

Closing - The last step in the mortgage process where documents are signed and the process is wrapped up.

Closing Costs - The costs a buyer pays during the mortgage process, including attorney fees, recording fees, and any other costs related to mortgage closing.

Construction Mortgage - A mortgage model used when a home is built rather than bought. Money is advanced directly to the builder based on the schedule of construction and is converted to a standard mortgage upon completion of the home.

Conventional Mortgage - A mortgage that is not insured or guaranteed by the federal government.

Credit History - A credit history is a record of a borrower's repayment of debts.

Credit Report - A credit report is a record of a person’s payments and loans from several sources, including banks, credit card companies, collection agencies, and the government.

Credit Score - A number assigned to an individual that indicates their capacity to repay a loan to lenders that’s based on their credit history.

Debt-to-Income Ratio – A figure that represents the difference between your monthly income and monthly debts (including a new mortgage). This figure is calculated into a percentage. The higher the percentage, the riskier the loan may be for the lender.

Down Payment - A large initial payment that a buyer puts down on their new home. Most mortgages require a down payment ranging from three percent to twenty percent of the total home value.

Equity - The difference between the amount owed on a mortgage and the current value of a home. If you owe $100,000 on your mortgage loan and your home is worth $300,000, you have $200,000 of equity in your home.

Escrow - At the closing of the mortgage, the borrowers are generally required to set aside a percentage of the yearly taxes to be held by the lender. On a monthly basis, the lender will also collect additional money to be used to pay the taxes on the home. This escrow account is maintained by the lender who is responsible for sending the tax bills on a regular basis.

Fixed-Rate Mortgage - A mortgage where the interest rate and term of a loan have been negotiated and set for the life of the loan.

Foreclosure - When a bank or lender re-possess a home or property when the borrower has not been repaying the loan.

Good Faith Estimate - An estimate of the closing costs given by the lender. While not an exact amount, it gives buyers a general idea of what to expect.

Homeowners Insurance - Property insurance for a new home. A homeowner must secure this prior to the mortgage closing date.

Loan Officer - The representative of a broker or bank who originates mortgage loans.

Loan Origination - The beginning of the loan process that is kicked off by a borrower submitting a loan application with a lender.

Loan-to-value Ratio (LTV) - A financial calculation done by dividing the amount of a mortgage by the value of the home in question.

Mortgage - A loan used to buy or refinance a home. The loan is then paid back with interest to the lender.

Mortgage Interest - The additional cost charged by a lender to a borrower throughout the repayment period of their mortgage. This is typically expressed as an annual percentage rate and can vary based on market conditions and the borrower’s financial health.

Origination Fee - A fee paid to a lender at the beginning of the mortgage process. This may include an application fee, appraisal fee, fees for all the follow-up work and other costs associated with the loan.

Par Rate - The standard interest rate determined by an underwriter.

Points - Fees paid directly to the lender at closing in exchange for a reduced interest rate. This is also called “buying down the rate,” which can lower your monthly mortgage payments.

Principal - The amount of money still owed on a mortgage. The principal amount goes down when borrowers make regular monthly or bi-weekly payments.

Private Mortgage Insurance - A type of insurance that protects lenders in case of a borrower not paying back their loan. If the borrower is paying less than 20% in a down payment, the lender will likely require them to take out PMI.

Rate and Terms Refinance - A kind of refinance that changes either the rate, term, or both rate and term of a mortgage loan. Unlike a cash-out refinance, there is no advancing of money.

Real Estate Tax Deduction - When taxes paid on personal property and real estate are deducted from federal income taxes.

Refinancing - When a person trades their old mortgage for a new one with different agreements. This can mean a lower rate, new terms, or the ability to cash out on the equity of your home.

Tax Break - A reduction in your taxes that comes from the government.

Truth in Lending - Federal mandate meant to shield consumers from potential fraud. The regulations include proper disclosure of rates, advertising guidelines, and other protections within the lending process.

Underwriter - The person who handles the insurance risk side of things for a loan process.

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The BasicsOctober 11, 2024

Spruce Up Your Fall Open Houses With This Checklist

Autumn is the perfect time to create a warm, welcoming atmosphere that invites buyers to envision themselves living in the home they're visiting. As the weather cools and the leaves start to turn, real estate agents have a unique opportunity to set the mood for open houses by adding a touch of seasonal charm. With just a few simple touches, you can help potential buyers feel at home while also reminding them of important fall maintenance tasks. Here’s a checklist to give your open houses that cozy, autumnal vibe while also emphasizing the importance of seasonal upkeep. 1. Set the Mood with Fall-Scented Candles or a Simmer Pot When potential buyers walk into a home, the first thing they’ll notice is the atmosphere. Scents are incredibly powerful, so setting the right mood with fall-scented candles or a simmer pot with seasonal spices is a must. Opt for warm, inviting aromas like cinnamon, pumpkin spice, allspice, or cedarwood. These scents create an immediate sense of comfort and coziness. Tip: Choose subtle, natural fragrances to avoid overwhelming guests. You want the scent to be pleasant, not overpowering. For a fall-scented simmer pot, slice an apple, an orange, and a lemon and add to a saucepot. Sprinkle them with a tablespoon of nutmeg and ground ginger and add up to 5 cinnamon sticks. Cover with water, bring to a boil, and lower the heat to simmer for as long as desired. 2. Incorporate Seasonal Decor Fall is all about beautiful colors and textures, so why not bring those elements into your open house? You don’t have to go overboard—just a few tasteful touches will do the trick. Think decorative pumpkins, a simple wreath on the door, cozy throw blankets, and vases filled with autumnal foliage or wheat stalks. Tip: Neutral tones and natural materials, like wood and cotton, blend well with most interiors and help potential buyers focus on the home itself, not just the decor. 3. Create Cozy, Inviting Spaces Fall is the season of warmth and relaxation, so highlight areas of the home that encourage comfort. Stage the living room with plush pillows and soft throws or set up a reading nook with a comfy chair and a stack of books. If the home has a fireplace, make sure it’s clean and staged, and consider lighting it for the event (if it’s a gas fireplace) to showcase how the space could feel on a chilly evening. Tip: Dim lighting and warm, ambient lamps create a relaxed atmosphere that makes the space feel more intimate and inviting. 4. Highlight Outdoor Spaces with Seasonal Touches Don’t forget about the exterior! Add seasonal touches to the front porch or backyard to make outdoor spaces shine. A simple pumpkin arrangement or a few pots of mums can make a big difference. Clean up leaves and debris to ensure the yard looks well-maintained. Tip: Don’t forget to highlight the potential for cozy outdoor living. Adding a fire pit, some string lights, or a patio heater can inspire buyers to imagine gathering outside even in cooler weather. Seasonal Maintenance Tips to Share with Buyers In addition to creating a cozy atmosphere, fall is an important time for homeowners to tackle seasonal maintenance tasks. By offering these tips during an open house, you can help buyers think ahead and show that you’re a knowledgeable resource. 1. Turn Off Outdoor Spigots and Drain Hoses One of the most important fall tasks is to turn off outdoor spigots and drain hoses before freezing temperatures arrive. Remind buyers that failing to do so can lead to burst pipes, which can cause costly damage. Tip: Suggest purchasing insulated faucet covers to protect outdoor water sources during the winter months. 2. Clean Gutters and Downspouts Fallen leaves and debris can easily clog gutters and downspouts, leading to water damage when the rain starts. Make sure buyers are aware of this essential task to prevent overflow or ice damming during winter. Tip: A gutter guard can help reduce the amount of debris that accumulates, saving time and effort in the long run. 3. Trim Dead Limbs and Clean Up Spent Plants Fall is the perfect time to trim dead or damaged tree limbs to prevent them from breaking under the weight of snow or ice. It’s also a good idea to clean up spent plants and flowers from garden beds to give the yard a tidy appearance and prepare for next spring. Tip: Encourage buyers to save time in the spring by planting bulbs in the fall that will bloom early next year, like tulips or daffodils. 4. Inspect and Seal Drafty Windows and Doors With cooler weather coming, now is the time for homeowners to check windows and doors for drafts. Encourage buyers to inspect the home’s seals and weatherstripping to prevent heat loss and save on energy bills. Tip: Window insulation kits and door draft stoppers are affordable and effective ways to block cold air from seeping in. Adding fall vibes to your open houses is more than just setting the mood—it’s about helping potential buyers feel comfortable, welcome, and excited to imagine themselves living in the space. By combining seasonal decor and cozy touches with important homeownership tips, you’ll not only create a memorable experience but also position yourself as a trusted resource for your prospective buyers.

PurchaseJune 11, 2024

How To Budget to Buy a Home: The Essential Homebuyer’s Guide

Buying a home is a significant financial milestone, but it also requires a significant financial outlay. If you’re dreaming of buying a home, you first need to make sure you have a solid budget in place to pay for the one-time fees like your down payment and closing costs as well as the new recurring expenses that come with homeownership. In this blog, we’ll share some tips to help you budget for your home purchase and ensure a smooth transition into homeownership. Below, you can find more details about how to set your budget, which expenses you should keep in mind, and how to track your budget throughout the buying process and into homeownership. Setting Your Budget Before you start to set money aside, you first need to determine your budget. There are three main things that you need to consider: your buying power, how much you plan to put toward your down payment, and what your closing costs might look like. Determine Your Affordability with a Pre-Approval The first step in budgeting for a home is to assess your financial situation and determine how much you can comfortably afford. Lenders typically recommend that you follow the 28/36 rule. Based on this rule, your monthly housing expenses, including mortgage payments, property taxes, and insurance, should not exceed 28% of your gross monthly income. Total monthly debt payments—which include housing expenses and other existing debts such as student loans or a car payment—should not exceed 36% of your gross monthly income. A great way to get started with a snapshot of your homebuying budget is to work with a UMortgage Loan Originator to get pre-approved. Your pre-approval will use your income, credit, and existing debts to provide you with an estimate of your buying power. If you want an immediate estimate of what you can afford, feel free to use my free affordability calculator. Calculate Your Down Payment Unless you’re buying your home with a VA loan, you’ll have to pay a down payment when you close on your home. Saving for a larger down payment can help you secure a lower interest rate and avoid private mortgage insurance (PMI), which can add significant costs to your monthly payments. However, with a conventional loan, you can buy with as little as 3% down. For more information on down payment minimums, reach out to your UMortgage Loan Originator. Factor in Closing Costs Closing costs are the additional fees and expenses associated with the home-buying process, such as lender fees, title insurance, and property taxes. These costs can range from 2% to 5% of the home's purchase price, so it's crucial to factor them into your budget. As you start working through the beginning stages of your homebuying journey, you can work with your UMortgage Loan Originator for an estimate of your expected closing costs. Accounting for New Expenses While homeownership is exciting, it also comes with a handful of new one-time and ongoing expenses. As you’re budgeting for your home purchase, it’s important to consider the expenses below so you’re prepared when that first new bill hits your mailbox. Homeowners Insurance Homeowners insurance is a mandatory expense that protects your investment against potential damages or losses. Homeowners insurance costs vary depending on factors such as the home's location, age, and construction type. Once you hit the market, you can connect with your UMortgage Loan Originator or real estate agent for a cost estimate. Property taxes are an ongoing expense that homeowners must pay annually or semi-annually. These taxes are based on the assessed value of your home and can vary significantly depending on your location. Typically, your property taxes and homeowners insurance are rolled into your escrow, which adds these expenses incrementally through your monthly mortgage payment. Utilities As a homeowner, you’ll be responsible for paying utilities such as electricity, gas, water, and internet/cable services. These expenses can vary based on the size of your home, energy efficiency, and usage habits. Maintenance and Repairs When you own your home, you won’t be able to rely on your landlord or property management company to maintain your home. As a homeowner, you’ll be responsible for repairing various components, such as the roof, appliances, and HVAC systems. It’s essential to budget for these expenses, as they can be costly and unexpected. When you initially buy your home, your inspection will give you a good gauge of the health of these costly components like HVAC systems, plumbing, and roofs. Tracking Your Budget Setting your budget is a big step in your journey toward homeownership, but the actual act of following that budget is what will enable you to buy your home. As you inch closer to being able to afford to buy your home, follow these steps to ensure you stow away the necessary funds to turn your dreams of homeownership into reality. Create a Detailed Budget Develop a comprehensive budget that includes all your monthly expenses, such as mortgage payments, utilities, insurance, and other recurring costs. This will help you identify areas where you can cut back or allocate funds more effectively. Use Budgeting Tools and Apps There are plenty of great budgeting tools and apps out there that streamline the process of tracking your expenses and monitoring your progress. Many apps offer features like categorizing expenses, setting spending limits, and generating reports. There are also plenty of spreadsheet templates that you can use for a more manual budget-tracking experience. Review and Adjust Regularly Regularly review your budget and adjust as needed. Your financial situation may change over time, and it's essential to adapt your budget accordingly to ensure you stay on track. As you work along your journey towards homeownership, take some time to connect periodically with your UMortgage Loan Originator to share updates on your budget and discover any new products that might make your home purchase more affordable! By following these steps, you'll be well-equipped to budget effectively for your home-buying journey. Remember, proper budgeting not only helps you achieve your homeownership goals but also ensures long-term financial stability. Once you’ve closed on your home, you can continue to follow these steps to protect yourself from unforeseen repairs or save for your next big purchase!

The BasicsMay 17, 2024

VA Loan Bootcamp: Understanding the Basics of Your VA Homebuying Benefits

If you served, are currently serving, or are a widower of a past service member, you have earned the right to a VA loan. Before we get started, a VA loan is a home loan benefit backed by the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) to help you buy, build, repair, retain, or adapt a home for your own personal occupancy. VA home loans are provided by private lenders, such as banks and mortgage companies. VA guarantees a portion of the loan, enabling the lender to provide you with more favorable terms. In this blog, we'll delve into the fundamentals of VA loans, help you understand the eligibility criteria, and give you a look at the benefits that come with a VA loan. Whether you're a first-time homebuyer or looking to refinance your existing mortgage, partnering with experienced VA experts at UMortgage ensures a seamless journey toward homeownership. How Do VA Loans Work? While the VA backs VA loans, they do not provide them. Rather, eligible borrowers work with a VA-approved mortgage lender to get their VA loan. Below, we’ll give a high-level overview of the eligibility requirements and VA loan process. How to Know if You're Eligible for a VA Loan To qualify for a VA loan, veterans and active-duty service members must meet different service requirements to qualify. Military members or surviving spouses can qualify if they or their spouse served: • 90 consecutive days on active duty during wartime • 181 consecutive days on active duty during peacetime • 6 years in the National Guard or Reserves, or 90 days under Title 32 orders with at least 30 days served consecutively For full qualification guidelines, you can refer to the VA’s comprehensive eligibility requirements. How to Obtain Your Certificate of Eligibility (COE) A Certificate of Eligibility (also known as a COE) is required to qualify for a VA loan. Your COE is a formal document issued by the VA confirming that you’ve met the eligibility requirements noted above. You don’t need to obtain this document before starting your mortgage process; your UMortgage Loan Originator can obtain your COE on your behalf as you work with them to kickstart your homebuying journey. Understanding the VA Funding Fee The VA funding fee is a one-time fee paid to the VA when obtaining a VA loan. The VA funding fee helps offset the cost of the VA loan program to taxpayers in place of a down payment requirement. The amount of the funding fee varies based on your down payment amount, the type of transaction (purchase or refinance), your service branch, and whether it’s your first time using your VA loan benefits. If you're a Veteran or active-duty buyer receiving compensation for a service-connected disability or are deemed 10% or more disabled by the VA, you are exempt from paying the funding fee. Your VA Loan Benefits Explained A common misconception about VA loans is that they’re riskier and sometimes more expensive than a conventional loan. This couldn’t be further from the truth! In fact, VA loans work a lot like any other home loan but also include a plethora of benefits that help to make the homebuying process significantly easier and more affordable for Veterans and active-duty service members. Below, we’ll break down some of these key benefits: 0% Down Payment One of the biggest benefits of your VA loan benefit is the ability to purchase a home without a down payment. A down payment is often the most expensive part of the homebuying process, with conventional loans requiring at least 3% down and FHA loans requiring a minimum of 3.5%. This benefit alone can make a home purchase significantly more affordable for eligible borrowers. No VA Loan Limits The VA-backed home loan limit refers to the amount the VA guarantees, or the maximum amount paid to your lender if you default on your loan. The VA doesn't limit how much you can borrow to finance a home. This means that if you still have your COE intact, you can borrow the maximum amount that you qualify for at 100% financing. Additionally, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) increased its county loan limits throughout the United States for borrowers with partial eligibility available. In layman's terms, this means that you are entitled to greater flexibility as a borrower throughout your journey of homeownership. To learn more specifics about how much you can qualify for, feel free to consult with your UMortgage Loan Originator. Flexible Underwriting Compared to conventional loans and other loan products, VA home loans come with incredibly flexible underwriting terms. With lower credit score requirements and no stipulations for debt-to-income ratios, qualification will be based on residual income requirements. In certain regions across the country, borrowers might qualify for tens of thousands more than they might with a conventional loan. Lower Interest Rates VA loans typically have more competitive interest rates than other loan types. Because these loans are backed by the VA, lenders have less risk associated when funding VA loans and therefore can offer lower rates than a conventional loan. No Private Mortgage Insurance Because they’re backed by the VA, VA loans don’t require mortgage insurance. In contrast, conventional loan or FHA borrowers who pay less than a 20% down payment have to pay for private mortgage insurance, which is an additional cost added to their monthly mortgage payment which can negatively impact purchase power. Capped Lender Fees & Closing Costs The VA limits lender fees to 1% of the total loan amount. Because of these capped lender fees, VA borrowers typically have lower closing costs compared to those with conventional or FHA loans. Repeat Use of VA Loan Benefits As long as you maintain your Certificate of Eligibility, your VA loan benefits are lifetime benefits that can be used more than once! Consult with your UMortgage Loan Originator to discover your buying power if you’ve already used your VA benefits to purchase a home in the past. The benefits of buying a home with a VA loan can help make the homebuying process significantly more affordable over time for eligible borrowers. For more insight into these benefits, reach out to your UMortgage VA expert! Why You Should Work With an Experienced VA Loan Originator VA loans historically prove to be the best loan product on the market with the benefits they offer borrowers. However, there are plenty of misconceptions surrounding VA loans throughout the mortgage industry which might lead many mortgage brokers and real estate agents to try and lead VA borrowers away from VA loans. UMortgage is a staunch advocate for military homeownership with leaders throughout the organization ensuring proper education on all things related to VA loans. When you work with UMortgage to purchase your home with a VA loan, you can trust that you’ll unlock a homebuying experience that puts your priorities first and possesses the knowledge necessary to utilize every benefit and get your loan closed with ease. If you’re ready to unlock your VA loan benefits, fill out this form to get your homebuying journey underway!